![]() ![]() In an attempt to identify novel serum proteins that change with occupational exposure to Cr (VI), blood samples were collected from 107 chromate workers and were analyzed using nano-flow HPLC/MS and critical proteins of interest that were identified were verified using ELISA ( Hu et al., 2017). ![]() Recently, investigators have imposed the use of comparative proteomics and serum protein expression profiling to identify biomarkers of occupational exposure and also to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis of Cr (VI). Due to its widespread industrial use, concerns regarding environmental contamination and occupational exposure to Cr (VI) have been raised due to its proven toxicity to ecosystems and also because it is a known human carcinogen ( Tokar et al., 2013). ![]() Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is a toxic, heavy metal commonly used as an oxidizing agent for stainless steel production, welding, chrome pigment production, and chromium plating ( Ashley et al., 2003). There are no reports documenting excess chromium as a teratogen in the human fetus.Ĭhristina Wilson-Frank, in Biomarkers in Toxicology (Second Edition), 2019 Chromium (VI) The incidence of cancers at other sites may be increased in these occupational workers There is not sufficient evidence to show that barium chromate, calcium chromate, chromium trioxide, lead chromate, sodium dichromate and strontium chromate are carcinogenic in humans. This exposure results in an increased incidence of lung cancer among these workers. This is based upon sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed in chrome production facilities, chromium-alloy facilities, in the chrome plating industry as well as in chrome pigment industries. Hexavalent chromium compounds are classified as substances known to be carcinogenic to humans. Bronchial asthma may result from chronic exposure to chromate dust or chromium trioxide. Systemic toxicity has been noted in humans following dermal exposure to chromium compounds.Ĭhronic inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium may give rise to nasal septum bleeding and perforation with an accompanying loss of the sense of smell and taste. Cross hypersensitization to other metals, such as cobalt and nickel are not uncommon upon exposure to chromium. Primary irritation can be attributed to hexavalent chromium. The ulcers generally occur in nail root areas, the creases over the knuckles, finger webs and forearms. Ulcerations (or chrome holes) can occur among workers who are exposed to high concentrations of chromic acid, sodium or potassium dichromate or chromate or ammonium dichromate. Exposure to low doses of any form of chromium can induce allergic reactions causing skin rashes and swelling of the skin in sensitive individuals. There are no reports documenting chromium deficiency in human reproduction.Ĭhronic exposure to excess hexavalent chromium results in irritation of the skin and mucous membranes. Some investigators have proposed that chromium deficiency may cause postnatal growth retardation and impaired glucose tolerance. World Health Organization has estimated that the minimum chromium requirement is 33 μg day −1. It is generally accepted that chromium is an essential element for humans. Intrabronchial implantations of zinc chromate and strontium chromate produced bronchial carcinomas. Animal studies have revealed a deficiency in lactation and male sterility resulting from hexavalent chromium exposure. The mechanisms for this effect have yet to be elucidated however, it is suggested that the potent peroxidant properties of hexavalent chromium may be involved. It has been reported in experimental animals that the hexavalent form of chromium can affect bone formation in fetal development. Hexavalent chromium is nephrotoxic and tumorigenic. Robert Kapp, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Second Edition), 2005 Chronic Toxicity (or Exposure) Animal ![]()
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